Module Leader
Lecturer
Timing and Structure
Michaelmas term. 100% coursework
Prerequisites
3B2 useful
Aims
The aims of the course are to:
- Introduce students to the principles and practice of computation and sensing systems that interact with the physical world.
Objectives
As specific objectives, by the end of the course students should be able to:
- Define the role of uncertainty in measurements of physical signals and quantify measurement uncertainty for a given sensing system.
- Evaluate energy use in an embedded system using in-system current monitors.
- Define the role of noise in both measurements and displays and identify appropriate metrics to use in quantifying noise for a given design.
- Design communication subsystems and the required electrical circuit support between a collection of I2C- or SPI-interfaced sensor integrated circuits and an ARM Cortex-M0 microcontroller.
- Numerically quantify measurement uncertainty and noise in outputs given a system design.
- Recall and explain the interaction between displays and the human visual system.
- Design modifications to sensing, communication, and display systems to improve their energy efficiency.
- Design the logical organization and required firmware for new systems built around an ARM Cortex-M0 microcontroller, and sensors or displays connected via I2C and SPI communication interfaces.
Content
The module will introduce students to the principles underlying sensor operation, signal acquisition, the role of measurement uncertainty and noise, common sensor communication interfaces and how they interact with modern embedded microcontrollers such as the ARM Cortex-M0 family. The module will link these concepts in the signal acquisition and processing chain to a study of output interfaces in embedded systems. This exploration of output systems will be built on a study of the principles of operation of OLED displays and how the flexibility of the human visual system enables interesting circuit- and algorithm-level techniques to reduce display power dissipation.
Preliminary Syllabus
Lecture 1: System overview of sensing, computation, I/O, and displays in embedded systems; interpreting device and system datasheets. At the end of this lecture, students should be able to: enumerate the important components in an embedded system design; read and interpret the datasheet for a component in a system or for an entire system; propose and design changes to a system to extend its uses.
Lecture 2: Precision, accuracy, reliability, and measurement uncertainty. Noise sources in analog and digital systems; role of signal gain and restoring logic. At the end of this lecture, students should be able to: define precision, accuracy, reliability, and measurement uncertainty; analyze a system design and quantify these properties for a design's components; enumerate the sources of noise and measurement uncertainty in analog and digital systems; propose design changes to improve the robustness of systems to noise.
Lecture 3: C and assembly programming for embedded systems. At the end of this lecture, students should be able to: implement firmware that runs in the abscence of an operating system and which contains a mixture of C and ARM assembly code.
Lecture 4: Sensors, embedded I/O interfaces, and noise: Commercial sensor integrated circuits; I2C, SPI (and I2S, I3C, MIPI DSI, and MIPI CSI); noise in integrated circuits (Johnson-Nyquist noise, shot noise, 1/f noise, random telegraph noise). At the end of this lecture, students should be able to: enumerate the differences between the common embedded wired communication interfaces; select and substantiate a choice for an interface for a given design problem; enumerate the different potential sources of noise in integrated systems.
Lecture 5: Case study.
Lecture 6: Field-programmable gate arrays in low-power embedded systems; Verilog overview. At the end of this lecture, students should be able to: describe and explain the basic architecture of FPGAs; use their understanding of the Verilog hardware description language and FPGA synthesis tools to modify an existing Verilog design.
Lecture 7: Human color vision perception and its interaction withOLED displays: Their structure, interfaces, and techniques for energy-efficiency. At the end of this lecture, students should be able to: enumerate the properties of OLED displays; propose changes to existing system designs that use OLED displays in order to improve their energy efficiency; enumerate the basic properties of human color vision that have a bearing on the design of displays for embedded systems.
Lecture 8: Physical invariants in embedded systems. At the end of this lecture, students should be able to: define physical invariants in the context of a sensor-driven system; apply concepts from Lagrangians, Hamiltonians, the Euler-Lagrange Equations, Noether's theorem, and recent research on inferring Lagrangians and Hamiltonians from sensor data to embedded systems designs.
Lecture 9: Wireless communications using Bluetooth, 802.15.4/Zigbee, and LoRa; Bluetooth HCI interface. At the end of this lecture, students should be able to: enumerate the differences between the major low-power radio interfaces available for embedded or Internet-of-Things systems; propose energy-efficient choices for a wireless sensing system design given the application's design constraints.
Lecture 10: Schematic capture and basic printed circuit board layout using Eagle. At the end of this lecture, students should be able to: create a design ready to be submitted for manufacturing (Gerber files) using the Eagle schematic capture and printed-circuit-board layout tools.
Lecture 11: Designing new embedded systems to solve a specified application need. At the end of this lecture, students should be able to: propose an architectural design comprising sensing, computation, communication, and display to address a given application need, with the design implementable within the limitations of schematic capture and printed-circuit-board layout tools such as Eagle.
Further notes
Pictures of individual final project from previous years
The pictures below are for a sample of the individual student projects, for students who gave consent for pictures of their final demo system to be used in future instances of 4B25.
Pedometer (using 3-axis MEMS accelerometer, ARM Cortex-M0+, and 96x64 color OLED display from the course kit in custom laser-cut enclosure):
Bike theft alarm (using 3-axis MEMS accelerometer and ARM Cortex-M0+ from the course kit, in custom 3D-printed enclosure):
Pedometer (using 3-axis MEMS accelerometer, ARM Cortex-M0+, and color 96x64 OLED display from the course kit):
Plant health monitor using external conductivity, light, temperature, and humidity sensors together with the ARM Cortex-M0+ and color 96x64 OLED display from the course kit:
Sensor fusion (GPS + velocity) using FRDM KL25Z and GPS module together with 3-axis MEMS accelerometer and 96x64 OLED display from the course kit:
Razor cut prediction (HDC1000 humidity sensor and force-sensing resistor together with 3-axis MEMS accelerometer and ARM Cortex-M0+ from the course kit):
RFID-based class attendance monitor (using INA219 current measurement board, ARM Cortex-M0+, and color 96x64 OLED display from the course kit):
Custom multi-layer PCB for sports injury detection, using the same KL03 Cortex-M0+ as in the course kit:
Electric bike controller (using INA219 current monitor, ARM Cortex-M0+, and color 96x64 OLED display from the course kit):
Pedometer (using a counter module attached to the ARM Cortex-M0+ and 3-axis MEMS accelerometer from the course kit):
OpenGL subset (rotating pyramid demo) and OLED display driver implemented in only 2k RAM on the microcontroller, using the ARM Cortex-M0+ and color 96x64 OLED display from the course kit:
Coursework
Coursework | Format |
Due date & marks |
---|---|---|
Coursework activity #1: Embedded processor emulator exercise Use the GCC and Binutils tools to compile, link, and disassemble binaries and use an open-source embedded system emulator to run a few different programs written in a combination of C and assembly language. Learning objective: After successfully completing this exercise, students should be able to:
|
Individual Source files, binaries, and text file with answers to questions. non-anonymously marked |
Friday, 19th October (week 3) [10%] |
Coursework activity #1: OLED display control over SPI exercise Obtain hands-on experience writing a device driver in C for an SPI peripheral, using the FRDMKL03 ARM board and the OLED display from the course hardware kit. Learning objective: After successfully completing this exercise, students should be able to:
|
Source files, binaries, picture of working system, wiring diagram, and text file with answers to questions. non-anonymously marked |
Friday, 26th October (week 4) [15%] |
Coursework activity #3: Project proposal one-page report Identify an interesting engineering problem that can be addressed using an embedded system developed using the concepts, theory, techniques, and tools covered in this course. Learning objectives: After successfully completing this exercise, students should be able to:
|
Individual Report non-anonymously marked |
Friday, 2nd November (week 5) [5%] |
Coursework activity #4: Power measurement using TI INA219 I2C device exercise Obtain hands-on experience writing a device driver in C for an I2C peripheral, using the FRDMKL05 ARM board and the TI INA219 daughterboard from the course hardware kit. Learning objective: After successfully completing this exercise, students should be able to:
|
Source files, binaries, picture of working system, wiring diagram, and text file with answers to questions. non-anonymously marked |
Friday, 9th November (week 6) [15%] |
Coursework activity #5: Project interim report Present progress made towards final project goals, evaluate lessons learned so far, and obtain feedback and guidance on necessary plan adaptation. Learning objectives: After successfully completing the interim project report, students should be able to:
|
Individual Report non-anonymously marked |
Friday, 23rd November (week 8) [10%] |
Coursework activity #6: Project concept, design, implementation, and final report Present the problem addressed, approach employed, system implemented, and system evaluation. Learning objectives: After successfully completing the final project, students should be able to:
|
Individual report, source files, binaries, in-person demonstration at final feedback session. non-anonymously marked |
Friday, 18th January (Lent Term) [45%] |
Booklists
The following books are relevant to the material in the course and will all be available from the Engineering Library.
-
Introduction to Embedded Systems, A Cyber-Physical Systems Approach, ISBN: 978-0262533812
- An Introduction to Uncertainty in Measurement, ISBN: 978-0521605793
- Linkers and Loaders, ISBN: 978-1558604964
- The Circuit Designer's Companion, 3rd Edition, ISBN: 978-0080971384
- The Practice of Programming, ISBN: 978-0201615869
- Expert C Programming, ISBN: 978-0131774292
- C: A Reference Manual (5th Edition), ISBN: 978-0130895929
- Bluetooth Low Energy: The Developer's Handbook, ISBN: 978-0132888363
- Programming Embedded Systems: With C and GNU Development Tools, 2nd Edition, ISBN: 978-0596009830
- Embedded Systems Dictionary, ISBN: 978-1578201204
- The Art of Designing Embedded Systems, Second Edition, ISBN: 978-0750686440
- The Art of Electronics, ISBN: 978-0521809269
- Color Science: Concepts and Methods, Quantitative Data and Formulae, ISBN: 978-0471399186
Examination Guidelines
Please refer to Form & conduct of the examinations.
Last modified: 07/10/2018 18:56